However, some psychologists were uncomfortable with what they viewed as limited perspectives being so influential to the field. Most of our ideas are governed by unconscious ideas and impulses that originate in childhood conflictsĭuring the early 20th century, American psychology was dominated by behaviorism and psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis: theory of personality and the method of psychotherapy. Freud’s model of therapy, called psychoanalysis, is based on the belief that therapeutic change comes from uncovering and working through unconscious conflicts within the personality. Wolfgang Kohler: Research with chimpanzee: Flash of Insight in other wards we rearrange the situation in order to come up with a solution to the problem.Īustrian physician named Sigmund Freud, studied the region of the mind known as unconscious. Gestalt psychology, the school of psychology that studies ways in which the brain organizes and structures our perceptions of the world was established by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler. This device, known as an operant conditioning chamber or more familiarly, a Skinner box. As a part of his research, Skinner developed a chamber that allowed the careful study of the principles of modifying behavior through reinforcement and punishment. Skinner showed he could train animals, such as pigeons or rats, to perform simple behaviors by rewarding particular responses. Skinner also showed how advanced behaviors could be learned and maintained by adding the idea of rewards, which he called reinforcers. Skinner studied how behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments. The reflex Pavlov worked with was salivation in response to the presence of food.īehaviorism became popular due to psychologist B. Pavlov studied a form of learning behavior called a conditioned reflex, in which an animal or human produced a reflex (unconscious) response to a stimulus and, over time, was conditioned to produce the response to a different stimulus that the experimenter associated with the original stimulus. Behaviorism was based on the belief that psychology would advance as a science only if it turned away from the study of mental processes and limited itself to the study of observable behaviors that could be recorded and measured.Įarly work in the field of behavior was conducted by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. The founder of behaviorism was the American psychologist John Broadus Watson. In the early 1900s, a new force in psychology came about called behaviorism. Organisms that are the fittest, survive and reproduce.Experiences help us function more adaptively to are environments.Argued that the stream of consciousness is fluid and continuous.Focused on the Behavior as well as the mind or consciousness.William James, recognized as the father of American psychology, founded functionalism, the school of psychology that focused on how behavior helps individuals adapt to demands placed upon them in the environment. Hall founded the American Psychological Association (APA). The first American to work in Wundt’s experimental laboratory was the psychologist G. Structuralism: attempted to break conscious experience down into objective sensations The school of psychology that attempts to understand the structure of the mind by breaking it down into its component parts is known as structuralism. He also established the world’s first scientific laboratory dedicated to the study of psychology in Germany.Įdward Titchener, Wundt's disciple, brought Wundt's ideas to the United States and the rest of the world. The founding of psychology as an experimental science is generally credited to a German scientist, Wilhelm Wundt. He studied mental experiences and used a method known as introspection, which is an attempt to directly study consciousness by having people report on what they are consciously experiencing. Gustav Theodor Fechner: published book Elements of Psychophysics which showed how physical events stimulate psychological sensations and perception. People are social creatures and influence each other. Socrates: rely on rational thought and introspection or examination of one's own thoughts and emotions to gain self knowledge. Behavior is influenced by external stimulation. Aristotle: argued human behavior was subject to rules and lawsĭemocritus: think of behavior as terms of body and mind.
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